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At just 14 years old, Edward Gilliam has already decided he wants to major in philosophy when he goes to college.
He got interested in the subject when he took a philosophy class last summer鈥攁nd he鈥檚 taking a second course, on ethics, this year鈥攖hat inspired him to think deeply about life鈥檚 compelling questions.
鈥淚 like all the big questions鈥攖he questions most people don鈥檛 care about,鈥� Mr. Gilliam said recently during a break from the class here developed by the at Johns Hopkins University. 鈥淲hat is truth? What is right and wrong?鈥�
Philosophy is not offered at the public high school that the freshman will attend starting this month in Raleigh, N.C. But a private foundation is trying to support the increase of philosophy offerings in high schools across the nation to expose youths to the subject without their having to attend a special program.
鈥淪ome administrators are reluctant to offer it because if you offer a new course, you have to take another one away,鈥� said Roberta Israeloff, the executive director of the , established three years ago in East Northport, N.Y., to promote the expansion of philosophy and ethics classes at the precollegiate level. 鈥淲e鈥檙e trying to show that kids who take philosophy do better on standardized tests because it improves critical thinking and creative thinking,鈥� she said.
Questions and Answers
Mr. Gilliam and his classmates in the ethics class appear to have honed those thinking skills. After he expressed his view that philosophy is about finding answers to big questions, for example, some of the students who were listening to his remarks couldn鈥檛 resist challenging them.
鈥淵ou think all of these questions have answers?鈥� retorted Victoria Norman, who will be a 10th grader at the Byrn Mawr School, a private school in Baltimore.
鈥淚 think it鈥檚 more about the questions,鈥� chimed in Stephen Cho, who is going into the 8th grade at John Ware Jr. High School in Calgary in Canada.
The summer course is part of a larger effort by the Johns Hopkins center. As a first step toward its goal, the Squire Foundation gave a $12,000 grant to the center to create a curriculum for an introductory philosophy class. The curriculum will be offered for free to schools later this coming school year on the foundation鈥檚 Web site.
The foundation is also collaborating with the , in Newark, Del., to set up a for high school philosophy teachers that will be rolled out early next year. The association, which has traditionally catered to college professors, is creating a new category of 鈥渁ssociate members,鈥� designed for high school teachers who already teach or want to teach philosophy.
The Center for Talented Youth provides philosophy classes鈥攚ith subjects ranging from existentialism to mathematical logic鈥攖o about 1,000 middle and high school youths nationwide each summer, and enrollment is growing, according to Stuart Gluck, a senior program manager for the center鈥檚 summer academic programs. Another 8,600 students take other classes, offered at several sites across the country. Tuition for a three-week session costs $3,360 per student, which includes room and board.
Mr. Gluck, who has a Ph.D. in philosophy from Johns Hopkins, believes that 糖心动漫vlog underestimate the importance of the subject to adolescents.
鈥淚t teaches you how to think well. It teaches you how to learn other subjects well,鈥� Mr. Gluck said. 鈥淧eople think it鈥檚 abstract, that it should be taught later, but you want students to get those reasoning skills early.鈥�
The United States should follow the example of other countries, such as Colombia, which requires every high school student to take two years of philosophy, says Felipe De Brigard, a native of Colombia who is getting a Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He taught an elective class in philosophy at Durham Academy in Durham, N.C., for two years as part of a university outreach program that brings philosophy classes to local private and public schools.
Mr. De Brigard said high school students have a 鈥渃ognitive flexibility鈥� that is conducive to philosophy that may be lost by the time some of them get to college.
鈥淗igh school students make connections,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hey try to think, as you American people say, 鈥榦utside the box.鈥� They are trying to see, 鈥楬ow does this relate to my life, or a TV show, or something I studied in biology?鈥� 鈥�
Contemplating Kant
The students in the summer program are particularly academically oriented, giving up three weeks of their break to live on a college campus and spend seven hours each day in class contemplating the ideas of people such as Immanuel Kant, the 18th-century German philosopher.
In a recent class session, they discussed Kant鈥檚 ideas. The teacher, Bekka Williams, who is working on a Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, explained that Kant believed that people were in a category different from animals or objects, and that one 鈥渟hould treat others always as an end and never as a means only.鈥�
The students frequently volunteered comments or questions. One girl, for example, wanted to know why Kant got a whole chapter devoted to him in the textbook the class used. 鈥淗e has a lot of followers,鈥� replied Ms. Williams.
After class, the teacher said that the younger students seem more interested in the material than undergraduate students she鈥檚 taught.
Mr. Cho said he signed up for ethics because he wants to study law and thought the class would help him with that goal.
Ms. Norman is interested in a medical career and expected the class would prepare her to think through some of the ethical questions in that field, such as whether doctors should put pig hearts into humans. 鈥淵ou can get into really good discussions,鈥� she said.
In a recent meeting of a logic class offered in the program, teacher William McGeehan directed two pairs of students to debate in front of their peers. The first pair considered whether fascination with celebrities is a 鈥渄angerous disease,鈥� and the second disputed whether school uniforms are a good idea. Their classmates voted on the winners, and Mr. McGeehan, who has a master鈥檚 degree in philosophy, led a discussion to dissect the logic behind the students鈥� arguments.
He pointed out a 鈥渇allacy鈥� in one argument and a 鈥渉asty generalization鈥� in another. 鈥淪ometimes, less is more,鈥� he noted. 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 want to lay down a string that can be shot down.鈥�
Willa Nathan, 14, a student at the United Nations International School in New York City, had taken the side that a fascination with celebrities can be harmful. 鈥淏asically, we鈥檙e learning how to think,鈥� she said after class. She enrolled in the logic class because 鈥渕y dad majored in Chinese philosophy, and I wanted to hold up with him in an argument.鈥�
She thinks the lessons will help her in English class, as well, to read for deep meaning in a text.
Mr. McGeehan has been including 鈥渟mall amounts鈥� of logic while teaching persuasive writing at Adaire Elementary School in Philadelphia, where he teaches literacy and social studies. Even though many of the students in his summer classes are in middle school, he said it may only be realistic to expand philosophy offerings at the secondary level, given the difficulty schools have fitting required content into the school day.
But Mr. McGeehan believes philosophy could prove valuable for high school students. 鈥淥ne of the major problems is kids don鈥檛 know what to live for,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hey don鈥檛 have a guiding set of principles. Philosophy can help you ask the right questions.鈥�
