Anyone who has worked in high-poverty schools knows that low-income students are more likely than their wealthier peers to switch schools several times during their academic careers.
That鈥檚 why civil rights advocates are worried about the way Arizona鈥檚 plan for the Every Student Succeeds Act handles transient students.
The state鈥檚 plan, which has already gotten approved by U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, attaches different weights to student-test scores depending on how long a student has been at a particular school.
For instance, an 8th grader who has been enrolled at a middle school for three years would 鈥渃ount鈥� more toward its overall grade than a 6th grader who had just gotten there. And an 8th grader who had been at the school for all three years would factor more heavily into the school鈥檚 rating than a classmate who spent 6th and 7th grades elsewhere.
That means the performance of low-income and minority students may matter less in many schools, said Callie Kozlak, the field campaign manager for the Education Policy Project at UNIDOS US, a Latino advocacy organization. Such students are considered as likely to pull down a school鈥檚 overall grade.
鈥淭his could potentially have a disparate impact on disadvantaged students who move during the school year due to extenuating circumstances,鈥� Kozlak said.
Credit, Blame
But Stefan Swiat, a spokesman for the Arizona education department, said the system is intended to ensure that schools get the most credit鈥攐r blame鈥攆or the work they鈥檝e done with students they鈥檝e been educating for years, as opposed to those who just walked in the door.
鈥淭he rationale for using this approach is that schools are held accountable to the students who have been with them the longest, and therefore, should be performing better since they鈥檝e been in a stable school,鈥� he said in an email. The education community in Arizona 鈥渋s very excited about this way of calculating proficiency, since they believe it truly holds them accountable. The field recognizes it鈥檚 not a perfect system, but they appreciate the model鈥檚 intent.鈥�
So are school superintendents in Arizona excited about the change? Not really, according to their association president.
鈥淭here have been mixed feelings on that,鈥� said Mark Joraanstad, the executive director of the Arizona School Administrators Association. Joraanstad鈥檚 not sure the method makes a big difference, but 鈥渙n the face of it,鈥� he said, 鈥渋t seems to single out a mobile group [not] to be counted as fully, and we have a lot of mobile students.鈥�
Kozlak noted that the peer reviewers who examined Arizona鈥檚 plan for the Education Department noticed the potential problem, too. The department even cited it in an official feedback letter, asking how the state planned to make sure all students were included in the accountability system. In response, Arizona provided more information but didn鈥檛 appear to make substantial changes, Kozlak said. The plan was approved anyway.
One related issue: Kozlak is also concerned about the provision that allows schools to exclude from students鈥� overall academic ratings the test scores of those who enrolled a few months into the year. 鈥淭his seems like a potential way to exclude students from being counted, and this is a concern for civil rights groups,鈥� Kozlak said.
Predating ESSA
But Joraanstad said that鈥檚 been a part of the state鈥檚 accountability system for years鈥攊t isn鈥檛 new to ESSA. And he鈥檚 all for it.
He said it鈥檚 unfair to ask schools to be held accountable for 鈥渁 student they鈥檝e had in the school for two months鈥� just because those two months take place right before testing time. That鈥檚 partly because some of the state鈥檚 courses, such as math, build throughout the year. A teacher shouldn鈥檛 have to catch up a student who is brand-new to a class in just a few weeks before testing time starts, he said.
