The United States scored in the middle on a new 32-nation study of educational achievement, experts say, because many of the best readers in the world live here鈥攁nd many more of the worst.
鈥淭he best students in the U.S. do as well as anyone in the world,鈥� said Barry McGaw, the deputy director for education for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Paris-based group that conducted the survey of 15-year-olds鈥� achievement. 鈥淲hat drags the U.S. average down is that there are lots of kids in the country doing poorly.鈥�
The gap between America鈥檚 best readers and its worst is wider than in any other country, according to results released last week from the OECD鈥檚 Program for International Student Assessment, which assessed 15-year-olds鈥� reading skills, mathematical abilities, and scientific knowledge. While that gap between high and low scorers is not as pronounced in math and science, it is still greater for the United States than for most of the nations in the study.
On the reading portion, for which the OECD collected the most in-depth results, 12 percent of U.S. 15-year-olds scored in the top 10 percent of the international sample. Only six countries had a higher proportion at that level.
But 18 percent of the U.S. test-takers scored at or below the lowest performance level in the exam鈥攎eaning they were unable to identify themes of reading assignments or locate basic information within a text. That percentage is the same as the international average, but more than twice as high as Finland鈥檚 and Canada鈥檚鈥� the countries that scored the best on the reading test.
The results demonstrate what reading experts say they already knew about U.S. students鈥� reading abilities: Most students leave the primary grades as competent readers steeped in the basics, but many fail to refine and build on their skills as they move through middle and high school.
鈥淭he bottom line is that something has to be done in the middle school years, especially for kids who begin the cycle behind,鈥� said Judith L. Irvin, a professor of education at Florida State University in Tallahassee. 鈥淚t鈥檚 somewhat absurd to think that they have no instruction in reading beyond grade 3.鈥�
Middle of Pack
For the OECD assessment鈥攌nown as PISAthe membership organization of industrialized governments tested a total of 265,000 students in 28 of the industrialized nations that are members of the compact, as well as Brazil, Latvia, Liechtenstein, and Russia. The tests included sections on literacy, mathematics, and science. Unlike other international assessments, which focus on topics covered in classroom curricula, PISA examined students鈥� ability to apply their knowledge in real-life situations.
The United States scored near the international average in all three subjects on the tests, which were administered last year.
Finland scored the highest on the reading portion of the exam, with Canada and New Zealand also near the top and higher than the United States by statistically significant margins. The U.S. reading score was about the same as those of countries such as Belgium, Germany, and the Czech Republic, but statistically higher than those of Greece, Portugal, Luxembourg, Mexico, Russia, Latvia, and Brazil.
In mathematics and science, Japan and Korea ranked at the top, as those Asian nations often do on international assessments, while the United States scored in the middle, along with Ireland, Norway, and the Czech Republic.
The results were unveiled last week in separate reports published by the OECD and the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 National Center for Education Statistics.
鈥淯nfortunately, we are average across the board compared to other industrialized nations,鈥� U.S. Secretary of Education Rod Paige said in a press release. 鈥淚n the global economy, these countries are our competitors鈥攁verage is not good enough for American kids.鈥�
Middle School Slump?
The PISA results are in line with the findings of previous international studies. The best schools in the United States are on a par with the highest-performing countries in the world, but the poor showing of a significant minority of American schools lowers the country鈥檚 overall performance to the international mean.
Last spring, results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study鈥擱epeat revealed that achievement in wealthy suburban schools is comparable with that of leading nations, but that U.S. inner city schools rank with the lowest-scoring countries.
That same exam also showed that the math skills and science achievement of American 8th graders had declined significantly from the first administration of TIMSS, when a similar sample of students was tested as 4th graders. (鈥淯.S. Students鈥� Scores Drop by 8th Grade,鈥� Dec. 13, 2001.)
In the first version of TIMSS, given in 1995, the scores of U.S. 12th graders were among the lowest of the nations participating in the math and science exam.
With American 15-year-olds ranking near the international averages on PISA, one mathematician said the United States might be reversing the achievement slump from the 4th grade through the 12th grade that TIMSS documented.
鈥淚t鈥檚 both important and good news that we鈥檙e better than we had been in the other indicators,鈥� said Lynn A. Steen, a professor of mathematics at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minn.
But a science education advocate called the results disappointing because the United States scored below other English-speaking countries鈥� including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand鈥攊n both science and mathematics.
And the overall results also show that American schools are falling short of helping all students understand basic scientific principles, said Senta A. Raizen, the director of the Washington-based National Center for Improving Science Education.
鈥淩egardless of how we compare to other countries,鈥� Ms. Raizen said, 鈥渢his isn鈥檛 very comforting, since our goal is to have a modicum of scientific literacy for everybody.鈥�
Map for Improvement
Similar to the showing in math and science, U.S. literacy scores drop against an international average as students get older. A 1991 study conducted by the same organization that sponsors TIMSS found that American 9-year-olds scored near the top of the scale in literacy, but that 14- year-olds ranked in fifth place. (鈥淯.S. Ranks High In International Study of Reading,鈥� Sept. 20, 1992.)
Reading experts say that middle school teachers of all subjects need help understanding how to incorporate reading instruction into their daily lessons. Educators in the primary grades have done a good job preparing students with the basic skills of decoding and reading stories, they say, but teachers in later grades need to work with students on how to decipher the meaning of complex passages of nonfiction.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not just the English teachers鈥� problem; it鈥檚 every teacher鈥檚 problem,鈥� said Carol M. Santa, a founder of the Montana Academy, a private school for struggling adolescents, and a past president of the International Reading Association. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not just teaching the content. It鈥檚 teaching kids how to read, study, and learn about the content.鈥�
鈥淭he emphasis needs to become how to read your social studies book, your science book, and other informational texts,鈥� said Ms. Irvin, the Florida State University professor. 鈥淲hen kids know how to read informational texts, they learn how to learn more.鈥�
Ms. Santa and Ms. Irvin agree that many middle and high school teachers are not prepared to teach reading skills. Many of them are trained to teach about the content and assume that students have the skills they need to understand it by reading textbooks.
Teachers who learn how to address students鈥� reading needs are most likely to see improvement in the students who tend to score the worst on reading tests, Ms. Santa said.
鈥淚t makes the most difference for kids who are struggling,鈥� she said.
That is where the United States should focus its energy if it wants to raise its standing on PISA and other international exams, Mr. McGaw, the OECD official, said at a press briefing on the study鈥檚 results.
Countries that score the best on the new assessment have high percentages of high achievers, as the United States does, but their poorest performers don鈥檛 fall as low as America鈥檚 lowest scorers do, he said. In Finland, for example, 18 percent of test-takers scored at the top level, while only 7 percent fell into the lowest categories.
鈥淲hat America has to do if it wants to raise its mean is to bring the tail up and to pay attention to the disadvantaged,鈥� Mr. McGaw said. 鈥淭he message from other countries is that it can be done.鈥�
The PISA tests will be given again in 2003 and 2006.
