School board races, often sleepy affairs, garnered a lot of voter attention鈥攁nd campaign cash鈥攊n several communities this month.
The off-year elections last week in Wake County, N.C, and Eden Prairie, Minn., and in Denver on Nov. 1, produced higher-than-usual turnout.
The voter interest in the Eden Prairie and Wake County districts was spurred by long-running concerns over student-assignment policies and led in both districts to turn over in control of the school board.
The controversy in the 147,000-student Wake County district traces back to an earlier school board election in 2009, when the board gained new members, backed particularly by conservatives in the community.
In March 2010, a few months after the election, the new five-person majority voted to scrap the district鈥檚 decade-old busing policy, which had been considered by some as a national model for school integration. The plan used student socioeconomic status in order to avoid schools with concentrated levels of poverty.
The change to the student-assignment policy drew widespread attention. The superintendent at the time, Del Burns, resigned, saying he could not in 鈥済ood conscience鈥� continue to work for the district. The local branch of the NAACP held a protest march.
And U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan chided the district. 鈥淪chool is where children learn to appreciate, respect, and collaborate with people different from themselves,鈥� he wrote in a letter published in The Washington Post.
Tired of Shuffling
Many Wake County parents, however, supported the end of the old student-assignment policy, saying they were tired of having their children shuffled from school to school as the fast-growing district tried to manage growth and diversity. (鈥淐ooling Signs in Wake Debate,鈥� Feb. 23, 2011.)
Still, the elections on Oct. 11 ousted one major proponent of neighborhood schools, Ron Margiotta, who was the board鈥檚 chairman. Two Democratic-backed candidates who were critical of the past board鈥檚 actions also won seats on the board.
But Democratic-backed incumbent Kevin Hill, a supporter of the old student-assignment process, didn鈥檛 clear the 50 percent vote hurdle he needed to avoid a runoff, prompting the Nov. 8 election between him and Republican challenger Heather Losurdo.
Mr. Hill won 52.3 percent of the vote in that runoff, while Ms. Losurdo received 47.7 percent. More than 4,000 more voters cast ballots in this race than in the October election; 20,412 voters participated in the runoff, compared with 16,332 last month. The results created a new majority, made up of critics of the Republican-backed board members.
But since the first burst of attention to the 2010 policy change, the officially nonpartisan board has coalesced around a 鈥渃ontrolled choice鈥� plan that would offer parents a choice of several schools for their children, using test scores as one of a series of factors in creating that list. The goal would be to have students attend a school of their choosing, but not one that has a high percentage of students with low scores on state tests.
Mr. Hill was one of two board members who voted against the controlled-choice plan. But the former teacher and principal said he 鈥渨ould not suggest going back to the drawing board,鈥� according to an interview in the Raleigh News & Observer. He wants the assignment policy to give low-achieving students a chance to attend high-achieving schools through seats set aside specifically for them.
Both Republican- and Democratic-backed organizations poured money into the strongly contested school board races in Wake County. Total campaign contributions for the October race and the November runoff are expected to top $500,000.
Minnesota Results
In Minnesota鈥檚 Eden Prairie, a suburb of Minneapolis that has seen an influx of less affluent students whose parents are immigrants from Somalia, voters last week elected a slate of candidates to the seven-member board who have all been critical of a boundary plan intended to bring about a similar economic integration.
The redrawing of student-assignment boundaries in the community had shifted students so that no one elementary school would have more than a quarter of its students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. The change moved about 1,100 students to different schools from those they had been attending, and changed the district鈥檚 elementary school grade configurations to K-6 schools instead of K-4 schools. (鈥淪chool Boundary Debate Divides Minn. Suburb,鈥� Oct. 5, 2011.)
The remapping of the 9,700-student district prompted vocal opposition from parents, who said the school board wasn鈥檛 responsive to their concerns and didn鈥檛 consider alternative plans that would avoid changing school assignments.
The turnout on Nov. 8 was high for a school board race. Eight candidates were running for four at-large seats, and more than 3,500 votes went to each of the four winners. In 2009, in comparison, each winning school board candidate received only about 1,500 votes.
The two incumbent members of the board who voted against the plan, John Estall and Holly Parker, were re-elected. Two newcomers, Karla Bratrud and David Espe, were critical of the plan and were also elected. Their supporters placed them in a slate called beep, for the first letters of their last names.
Incumbent Kim Ross, a strong supporter of the boundary change, was not re-elected. She received 1,372 votes.
The new board members have not offered a hint about whether they will try to reverse the boundary changes, which went into effect this school year.
鈥淲e鈥檙e going to look at it and see where things are,鈥� Mr. Estall told the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.
Richard D. Kahlenberg, a senior fellow at the Century Foundation, a progressive think tank in Washington, sees similarities in the outcomes in Wake County and Eden Prairie.
鈥淰oters are more supportive of integration when it鈥檚 accomplished through some kind of public school choice,鈥� Mr. Kahlenberg said. He noted that in the Wake County district, parents spoke out strongly in favor of choice-based magnet school programs, while in the Eden Prairie district, the mandatory changes sparked opposition.
But David J. Armor, a professor of public policy at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va. and a critic of diversity-based busing programs, said that the benefits of balanced schools are modest at best, and as the Eden Prairie controversy shows, the costs can be high.
鈥淣eighborhood schools have been taken for granted in our society. These parents have seen it as a right,鈥� he said.
Wake County鈥檚 election was not the only school board race this fall that brought in hundreds of thousands in campaign cash.
In Denver, a slate of candidates considered supporters of school reform squared off against candidates who were more wary of their brand of change, which included restructuring schools and tying teacher pay to student performance. Two of the 鈥渞eform鈥� candidates won, maintaining their majority on the board. Almost $790,000 was raised by candidates in the Denver election, which was held Nov. 1.
One of the reasons the Denver race drew so much attention is because school board races, unlike campaigns for every other elected office in the state, are not bound by a 2002 ban on direct union and corporate campaign expenditures. Lawmakers failed last year in an attempt to similarly restrict school board contributions.
Around the Nation
Not all districts focused on big money or served as proxies for national education issues. In the 3,300-student Parlier, Calif., district, one school board member joined an effort to recall his four fellow board members because he was upset that they fired the superintendent. The effort failed.
And anti-incumbent sentiment led to two school board members鈥� being successfully recalled in the 1,000-student Ellicott, Colo., district. A third incumbent lost in a race for re-election.
It has always been easier to recall elected officials at the local level than at the state level, said Joshua Spivak, a senior fellow at the Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform at Wagner College in New York City, who blogs on recall elections.
In partisan elections, voters would be rejecting a party, Mr. Spivak said. 鈥淪chool boards are nonpartisan, so that鈥檚 an easier vote to cast鈥� in a recall effort, he said. Of the 30 local recall efforts across the country since Nov. 1, 10 were for school boards; six board members from various boards were ousted and four鈥攖hose in Parlier鈥攕urvived.
